There's lots of good info above, but I'll throw in my $0.02 anyway!
For golf centric trips - I would definitely consider SSR as my first choice. It's literally the only resort with the course/proshop on site (well, maybe Shades of Green has that distinction as well). The pro shop at Palm/Magnolia is a bit nicer/larger, but LBV's pro shop is not shabby.
Poly would be fine, but you either cross the street or get a cab to Palm/Magnolia. They are very close if you have a car.
OKW would require a taxi to the course. I'm wondering how the poster above (
@Boopuff 's) husband got there on a golf cart. Would require a drive down a busy road, or more likely, the walking path (mostly unpaved) to DS. I've never seen that before!
I've had golf trips where I've stayed at BCV, BWV, OKW, VGF, and SSR. IMO, SSR was the most convenient.
As stated above, you can stay at ANY Disney resort and get vouchers for free taxis to/from the courses.
Also, it's been my experience that the club house's do not store your clubs if returning to that particular course. They will if you're going to a different course. For example, if I played LBV today, and I was playing there again tomorrow, the clubs would have to come back with me. However, if I played LBV today, and was going to Palm in two days, they'd ship my clubs over there and store them until I was playing. This has been my experience, so maybe things have changed. I most recently played in February.
I will say that my favorite of the three courses is LBV. It's a bit more forgiving. The Palm is definitely the most challenging of the three, having mostly elevated greens requiring greater length/extra club to get it there. It is a challenging course to score well on. If one hole doesn't get you, the next one will. Magnolia is a nice layout, but I prefer LBV as it meanders through SSR, OKW, POFQ, DS, and the THV.
Also - Chip & Dale's is a great place for snacks/light eats/drinks at the turn or finishing up. By far, the CHEAPEST BEER that I've seen for sale at all of WDW. $5 beers!!! And the food is a bargain and pretty decent quality as well!
We've experienced (almost always) great staff. The courses have always been in very good shape with hard/fast greens. There are lost of photo ops, and you'll most likely see an abundance of wildlife. We've seen numerous cool birds (I'm not a birder, so I don't know what I was looking at), gators, eagles, deer, turkeys (in abundance), and foxes.